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the Destroyer

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1 κήρ

κήρ, κηρός

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `death, doom', often personified `goddess or demon of death' (Il.), in plur. `types of death, accidents'; see Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 222ff., v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 271ff.

Compounds: Compp. z. B. κηρεσσι-φόρητος `by the Keres driven (into death)' (Q 527; Schwyzer 446, Pfister Würzb. Jb. 3, 406f.), κηρι-τρεφεῖς `brought up for death' ( ἄνθρωποι, Hes. Op. 418), κηρο-τρόφος `feeding death, deadly' ( ὄφις, Nic. Th. 192); ἐπί-κηρος `fallen to death' (Hp., Arist., hell.); also ἀ-κήρ-ατος with ἀκηράσιος and ἀ-κήρ-ιος `unharmed', s. 1. ἀκήρατος and Sommer Nominalkomp. 152.

Derivatives: κηρέσιον ὀλέθριον, νοσηρόν H. (after θεσπέσιος); κηραίνω `damage, destroy' (A. Supp. 999, Ph.; after πημαίνω), κηρόομαι `be injured' (EM).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: A root noun, which has been derived from κεραΐζω; Sanskrit and Celtic have a root aorist (s. on κεραΐζω); so κήρ would prop. be an agent noun "the destroyer". The disyll. root however, is a problem: we would expect *κηρας (cf. γῆρας \< *ǵērh₂-s). Problematic is further the long vowel α in Alc. ( κᾶρι B 6 A 7) and Alcm. ( κᾶρα Fr. 56; trad. κάραν), PGr. *κά̄ρ (cf. κάρ θάνατος H.). Also καριῶσαι ἀποκτεῖναι and ἐκαρίωσας ἀπέκτεινας H. have α which will have been long (there is no evidence for short α. Then we have the old Attic saying θύραζε Κᾶρες, οὑκ ἔτ' Άνθεστήρια. That Κᾶρες meant `Carians', i.e. `slaves' is clearly an aetological story invented to explain the α. See also Brunel PPh. 41 (1967) 81-104.) Opposed to κᾶρι, κᾶρα in Alc. and Alcm. stand κῆρες and κήρ both in Pi. Fr. 277 and in the choral songs of the tragedy. The suggestion of an ablauting paradigm κήρ, *κᾰρός (not retained in ἐν καρὸς αἴσῃ, s. καρός) with a secondary nom. *κά̄ρ (Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 9f.) cannot be maintained. The conclusion is that the long α is original; the η is simply the IA development of the long α (which was spread over a larger area). The word, then, is Pre-Greek, as may be expected for such an archaic idea: there is no IE root *kār-. Beekes, xxx, 200x, ppp - ppp. Lee Glotta 39 (1961) 191-207 and Ramat Arch. glottol. it. 50 (1965) 137ff. derive the word from κείρω, which is hardly probable.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κήρ
2 κηρός (1)

κήρ, κηρός

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `death, doom', often personified `goddess or demon of death' (Il.), in plur. `types of death, accidents'; see Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 222ff., v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 271ff.

Compounds: Compp. z. B. κηρεσσι-φόρητος `by the Keres driven (into death)' (Q 527; Schwyzer 446, Pfister Würzb. Jb. 3, 406f.), κηρι-τρεφεῖς `brought up for death' ( ἄνθρωποι, Hes. Op. 418), κηρο-τρόφος `feeding death, deadly' ( ὄφις, Nic. Th. 192); ἐπί-κηρος `fallen to death' (Hp., Arist., hell.); also ἀ-κήρ-ατος with ἀκηράσιος and ἀ-κήρ-ιος `unharmed', s. 1. ἀκήρατος and Sommer Nominalkomp. 152.

Derivatives: κηρέσιον ὀλέθριον, νοσηρόν H. (after θεσπέσιος); κηραίνω `damage, destroy' (A. Supp. 999, Ph.; after πημαίνω), κηρόομαι `be injured' (EM).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: A root noun, which has been derived from κεραΐζω; Sanskrit and Celtic have a root aorist (s. on κεραΐζω); so κήρ would prop. be an agent noun "the destroyer". The disyll. root however, is a problem: we would expect *κηρας (cf. γῆρας \< *ǵērh₂-s). Problematic is further the long vowel α in Alc. ( κᾶρι B 6 A 7) and Alcm. ( κᾶρα Fr. 56; trad. κάραν), PGr. *κά̄ρ (cf. κάρ θάνατος H.). Also καριῶσαι ἀποκτεῖναι and ἐκαρίωσας ἀπέκτεινας H. have α which will have been long (there is no evidence for short α. Then we have the old Attic saying θύραζε Κᾶρες, οὑκ ἔτ' Άνθεστήρια. That Κᾶρες meant `Carians', i.e. `slaves' is clearly an aetological story invented to explain the α. See also Brunel PPh. 41 (1967) 81-104.) Opposed to κᾶρι, κᾶρα in Alc. and Alcm. stand κῆρες and κήρ both in Pi. Fr. 277 and in the choral songs of the tragedy. The suggestion of an ablauting paradigm κήρ, *κᾰρός (not retained in ἐν καρὸς αἴσῃ, s. καρός) with a secondary nom. *κά̄ρ (Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 9f.) cannot be maintained. The conclusion is that the long α is original; the η is simply the IA development of the long α (which was spread over a larger area). The word, then, is Pre-Greek, as may be expected for such an archaic idea: there is no IE root *kār-. Beekes, xxx, 200x, ppp - ppp. Lee Glotta 39 (1961) 191-207 and Ramat Arch. glottol. it. 50 (1965) 137ff. derive the word from κείρω, which is hardly probable.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κηρός (1)
3 Ἡρῴδης

Ἡρῴδης, ου, ὁ (freq.; also in ins [OGI index I] and pap [Preisigke, Namenbuch], where it is not infrequently found in the correct [B-D-F §26; Mlt-H. 84] spelling with ι; s. Schürer I 294, 20) Herod, name of Idumaean princes forming a dynasty, whose rule in Palestine was established through the favor of Mark Antony and Octavian toward 1; the dynasty continued to rule, though in varied forms, until after the death of 3.—WOtto, Herodes. Beiträge z. Gesch. d. letzten jüd. Königshauses 1913; HWillrich, D. Haus des H. zwischen Jerusalem u. Rom 1929; MStern, in CRINT I/1 216–307; Pauly-W. Suppl. II 1–191. BHHW II 696–763.

① Herod I, the Great (41 [37]–4 B.C.) Mt 2:1–22; Lk 1:5; GJs 21:2; 22:1; 23:1f; 25:1 (Just., A I, 31, 2 al.). A palace built by him and named after him is mentioned Ac 23:35.—Schürer I 287–329; EMeyer II 322–27; ASchalit, König Herodes ’69 (transl. by JAmir from the Hebr. of ’60).; MGrant, Herod the Great ’71; EncJud VIII 375–87; ABD III 161–69.

② the son of 1, Herod Antipas (4 B.C.–39 A.D.), tetrarch of Galilee and Perea (Jos., Ant. 17, 318), mentioned in the NT because of (among other things) his clash w. John the Baptist, whom he had executed (s. Ἰωάννης 1). The synoptics state that John raised objections to the tetrarch’s marriage to Herodias (q.v.), who forsook one of his brothers to marry him. Acc. to Lk (and GPt) this Herod played a role in the passion story (AVerrall, JTS 10, 1909, 322–53; MDibelius, ZNW 16, 1915, 113–26; KBornhäuser, NKZ 40, 1929, 714–18; JBlinzler, Her. Ant. u. Jes. Chr. ’47; VHarlow, The Destroyer of Jesus. The Story of Herod Antipas ’54; HHoehner, Herod Antipas ’72). Mt 14:1, 3, 6; Mk 6:14–22; 8:15; Lk 3:1, 19; 8:3; 9:7, 9; 13:31; 23:7–15; Ac 4:27; 13:1; ISm 1:2; GEb 13, 74; GPt 1:1f; 2:4f. Called βασιλεύς Mk 6:14; cp. Mt 14:9; GEb 13, 74; GPt 1:2 (ApcEsdr 4:11 p. 28, 11 Tdf.; Just., D. 103, 3f al.; Mel., P. 93, 704).—Schürer I 340–53.

③ Herod Agrippa I (s. Ἀγρίππας 1) Ac 12:1, 6, 11, 19, 21.

④ a police magistrate in Smyrna (s. εἰρήναρχος) MPol 6:2; 8:2; 17:2, 21.—SPerowne, The Later Herods ’58.—ISBE II 688–98. M-M. EDNT.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > Ἡρῴδης
4 Ἀπολλύων

Ἀπολλύων, ονος, ὁ (pres. ptc. of ἀπολλύω, ‘destroy’) Apollyon, the Destroyer, tr. of Ἀβαδδών (q.v., which itself is a tr. of אָבַדּוֹן) Rv 9:11. (Whether the writer of Rv implied a connection with the deity Apollo cannot be determined. Indeed, it is questionable, for Apollo was the god of purity and recognized for his civilizing influence. For ancient association of Apollo with the theme of retribution, s. Archilochus Lyr. [VII B.C.], Fgm. 30 Ἄπολλον … ὄλλυʼ ὥσπερ ὀλλύεις=Apollo …, destroy them [the guilty ones] even as you do destroy! For an etymological connection of Apollo w. the verb ἀπόλλυμι Aeschyl., Ag. 1080–82; s. EFraënkel, Aeschylus: Agammemnon ’50, III 492.)—JSolomon, ed., Apollo ’94. DDD 138–43, 456–63. TW.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > Ἀπολλύων
5 σίνις

σίνις [σῐ], ιδος, ὁ, acc. σίνιν, ([etym.] σίνομαι)

A ravager, plunderer, Αὐτόλυκον πολέων κτεάνων σίνιν Antim.
(?) ap.Sch.S.OC 378; ἔθρεψεν λέοντα σίνιν δόμοις ( λέοντος ἶνιν Conington) A.Ag. 718, cf. Call.Ap.92, Lyc.539: as Adj. destroying, σ. ἀνήρ, as an example of a γλῶσσα, Poet. ap. Arist. Rh. 1406a8.

II pr. n. Σίνις, the Destroyer, a famous robber of the Isthmus of Corinth, E.Hipp. 977, Marm.Par.36, X.Mem.2.1.14, etc.; cf. Πιτυοκάμπτης. (Freq. misspelt σίννις in codd., as Arist. l.c.)

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σίνις
6 λοιγός

λοιγός

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `ruin, havoc, death' (Il.).

Compounds: As 2. member in βροτο-λοιγός `destroying men' (of Ares; Il.), also in ἀθηρη-λοιγός "consumer of chaff" (?), `winnowing-fan' (Od.).

Derivatives: λοίγιος `destroying, bringing disaster' (Il.), also λοιγήεις, - ής `id.' (Nic.; poet. transformations, cf. Schwyzer 527: 2 and 513: β); λοιγίστρια ὀλοθρεύτρια H.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [667] * leig- `illness'

Etymology: Prop. agent noun "the destroyer" (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 307) of a primary verb preserved in Lith. líegti `be very ill, be ailing' (IE * leig-), to which belongs also the zero grade nom. actionis ligà, Latv. liga `illness, plague'; further perh. Alb. lig `bad, meagre' and (with IE *k) OIr. līach `miserable, unhappy'. (Not here ὀλίγος `slight, small' and Arm. aɫk`-at `poor'. - WP. 2, 398, Pok. 667, Fraenkel Wb. s. ligà. Uncertain combinations in Krogmann IF 53, 44ff., Jegers Balt. Etymologien (Comment. Balt. IV--V: 3, Bonn 1958) 20ff., Specht Ursprung 125, 218, 226.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λοιγός
7 ὀλεθρεύω

⁺ V 3-6-5-0-8=22 Ex 12,23; 22,19; Nm 4,18; Jos 3,10(bis)

to destroy, to kill [abs.] Jer 2,30; id. [τινα] Nm 4,18; to destroy [τι] Jgs^B 6,25; ὁ ὀλεθρεύων the destroyer

Ex 12,23

ὀλεθρεύων ὀλεθρεύσει he shall utterly destroy (semit., rendering MT שׁיורי שׁוהור) Jos 3,10 neol.

Cf. DORIVAL 1994, 223-224; LEE, J. 1983, 42; →TWNT

(→ἐξὀλεθρεύω,,)

Lust (λαγνεία) > ὀλεθρεύω
8 σίνομαι

σίνομαι

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to rob, to pillage, to destroy, to damage' (ep. Od., Sapph., Ion., X., hell. a. late, also Argos, Crete, Herakleia; Hdt., Hp. also - έομαι; not in Att..

Other forms: very rare in aor.: ἐσίναντο (Hdt.), ἐπεσίνατο (Nic.), προσίναντες βλάψαντες H.

Dialectal forms: rarely with ἐπι-, κατα-, προ-.

Compounds: As 1. member in σιν-όδων, - όδους, - οντος m. name of a fish (Arist., Dorio a. o.), folketymol. for συν- σίνομαι (s. Strömberg 45). Unclear however σινάμωρος approx. `harmful, baneful, wicked, mischievous, sweet-toothed, lustful' with - ία, - έω, - ευμα (Ion., com., Arist. a. o.); because of the short ι not to the verb, but to the noun σίνος; the final fits badly with μωρός, perh. better to ἐγχεσί-μωρος, if taken as `spear-happy' (cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 272 n. 18).

Derivatives: 1. σίνος n. `damage, harm, disaster' (Ion., A., Arist. a. o.) with ἀ-σινής `unharmed, harmless' (λ 110, Sapph., Ion., A., Pl., X., hell. a. late), opposite ἐπι-σινής (Thphr. a. o.). 2. σίντης m. `destroyer, robber', mostly of beasts of prey, `thief' (Il., hell. a. late epic); σίντωρ m. `id.' (Crete IV^a, AP; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 123 a. 131); uncertain Σίντιες m. pl. name of the old population of Lemnos (Hom. a.o.), after Kretschmer Glotta 30, 117 prop. "the robbers" and to be distinguished from the Thracian Σιντοι. 3. Σίνις, - ιδος m. name of a mythical robber (B., E., X. a. o.), also appellat. `robber, destroyer' (A. Ag. 217 [gener. changed to ἶνις], Call., Lyc.). 4. σιναρός `damaged' (Hp., as ῥυπαρός a. o.). 5. σινότης f. `damage, flaw' (gloss.). 6. ἐπισίνιος ἐπίβουλος H. 7. σινόω ( προ- σίνομαι) = σίνομαι (Man., Vett. Val. a. o.) with σινωτικός `harmful' (late). 8. σίνδρων = πονηρός (Phot.), also `slave born of a slave' (Seleukos ap. Ath.), also as PN; cf. Masson on Hipponax 121 w. n. 3; gen. pl. σινδρῶν πονηρῶν, βλαπτικῶν H.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: The present σίνομαι (second. - έομαι; cf. Schwyzer 721) wit generalized length of the ι (on the unclear σίνονται Sapph. 26, 4 s. Hamm Gramm. $217a) can be best understood as yotformation *σίν-ι̯ομαι (Schwyzer 694). If inherited, σίνομαι must like κλίνω, κρίνω contain a present-forming ν, which spread not only to the sporadic aoristforms but also to the nouns σίνος, σίντης a. o. -- Not certainly explained. PGr. *τϜι-ν- can on itself be connected with σής (if from *τϜη[ι̯]-ς) and with Germ. Þwi- in OE Þwīnan `become weak, disappear' a. o. (Wood Mod. Phil. 5, 268); apart from the semant. polyinterpretability of the relevant words, there are both for σής and for Þwīnan other explanations, s. on σής and WP. 1, 702 f. (Pok. 1054) w. lit. To be rejected explanations of σίνομαι in W.-Hofmann s. sine and sonium; older lit. in Bq and Lidén IF 19, 351 w. n. 2. -- Cf. σιφλός.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σίνομαι
9 οἰκοφθόρος

οἰκοφθόρος, ον (οἶκος, φθείρω; Eur., Pla.; Philo, Agr. 73; SibOr 2, 257; Suda s.v. Ἰλάριος refers οἰκ. to an act of adultery that destroys a household; cp. Plut., Mor. 12b γυναικῶν οἰκοφθορίαι γαμετῶν ‘seducers of married women’) pert. to being a cause of corruption in a household, destroyer of houses or families, as subst. IEph 16:1. The fate of the seducers (Hesych. completes the equation οἰκοφθόρος = μοιχός) serves as a premise in an argument from the lesser to the greater: ‘The argument is that if such adulterers perished, how much more those who corrupt faith by their evil teaching.’ WSchoedel, Ignatius of Antioch ’85, 79.—WBauer concluded that the term was used specif. (citing connection with the imagery of IEph 15:3; s. οἶκος 1aβ) in the sense of temple-destroyer, arguing that since Ign. is ‘plainly dependent’ on 1 Cor 6 (vs. 19; cp. also 1 Cor 3:16f) here, he is prob. thinking of the introduction of immorality as the particular means of destruction; in support Bauer compares Plut., Mor. (s. above) and PGrenf I, 53, 19f.—DELG s.v. φθείρω.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > οἰκοφθόρος
10 λῦμα

λῦμα

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `dirt, offscourings, purgation', metaph. `contamination, revilement' (A 314 a. Ξ 371, Hdt.); on the meaning Sinclair Festschr. Dornseiff 330ff. (with wrong connection with λύω). - λύμη f., often pl. - αι, `maltreatment (e.g. mutilation, flagellation), damage, violation, revilement'.

Other forms: - ατος n., mostly pl. - ατα,

Derivatives: 1. From λῦμα: λύμακες πέτραι H. (on alphab. wrong position); cf. βῶλαξ, λίθαξ a.o. (Chantraine Form. 379); κατα-λυμακόομαι `be covered with λύμακες `(i.e. `dirt')' (Tab. Heracl. 1, 56); also Λύμᾱξ, - κος m. Arcad. rivername (cf. ῥύᾱξ, σύρφᾱξ a.o.; Chantraine 381 f.), after Paus. 8, 41, 2 because of the Nachgeburt ( λύματα) of Rhea, in fact prob. because of the ooze (cf. Schulze Kl. Schr. 663, also Schwyzer RhM 77, 225ff. and Bechtel Dial. 1, 393; in detail deviat.). 2. From λύμη: λυμεών, - ωνος m. `destroyer' (S., E., Tim. Pers., Isoc., as ἀπατεών; Chantraine 163) with λυμεων -εύομαι `play the λ.' (Plb.); λυμάχη (- χή?) ἡ εἰς διαφθορὰν λύπη H. (after ταραχή? στοναχή?). Transformation of λῦμα, λύμη: λῦμαρ (Max. Astrol.; cf. Schwyzer 519). -- Denomin. λυμαί-νομαι, aor. λυμήνασθαι (rare λυμῆναι, - ᾶναι) 1. from ? λῦμα `purify (of dirt)' (Hp.), usu. ἀπο-λυμαίνομαι `wash, purify' (A 313f., A. R., Agath., Paus.) with ἀπολυμαν-τήρ (tablecleaner' (ρ 220, 377); 2. more often from λύμη `corporally maltreat, damage, destroy,violate', also with δια-, κατα- (Ion. Att. Arc.; on the meaning Schulze Kl. Schr. 169, Fraenkel Denom. 49); λυμαντήρ `destroyer, violater' (X.), λυμάντωρ (Timo, Epigr. Cyrene), - τής (S.) `id.' (cf. Fraenkel Nom. sg. 2, 55) with λυμαν-τήριος (A.), - τικός (Ph., Arr.) `destroying, violating'. - λύθρος m. (after βρότος, βόρβορος, πηλός?), also - ον n. `clotted, thick blood' (Hom. [only dat. - ρῳ], Hp. Ep.) with λυθρώδης `bloodstained' (LXX, AP). With λῦμα: λύμη cf. γνῶμα: γνώμη, χάρμα: - μη, βρῶμα: - μη etc.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [681] * luH- `dirt, pollute'

Etymology: With λῦμα, - μη agrees Alb. lum `slime, mud' (IE * lum-); an agreement with λύθρος perh. in the Illyr. GN Ludrum (with IE dh or d); close comes also Alb. ler `mud' (IE * leu-d(h)r-). The nouns mentioned go back on a in Greek lost (and by λυμαίνομαι replaced?) verb meaning `pollute, contaminate', which lives on in Lat. pol-luō (from * por-luō) and led to the verbal noun Lat. lutum = OIr. loth `muck, excrements, dirt'. Other survivals are Lat. lustrum `puddle, marsh' and German rivernames like Lune and Lienz (from * Luantia); cf. Λύμαξ. - WP. 2, 406, Pok. 681, W.-Hofmann s. 1. lutum. Fraenkel Wb. s. laũre. On the GN esp. Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 6, 106ff. a. 242ff., Eisenstuck ibd. 7. 53ff. - (Wrong Specht KZ 68, 124. λύ-μη to λύ-πη with old variation μ: π.)

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λῦμα
11 πόλις

πόλις

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `citadel, fort, city, city community, state' (Il.; on the meaning in Hom. Hoffmann Festschr. Snell 153ff.).

Other forms: Also (ep. Cypr. Thess.) πτόλις, - εως, Ion. - ιος, - ηος;

Dialectal forms: Myc. potorijo has been interpreted as *Πτολίων.

Compounds: As 1. member e.g. in πτολί-πορθος (- πόρθιος, - πόρθης) `sacking cities, destroyer of cities' (ep. Il.); enlarged in IA. πολιοῦχος (from - ιο-ουχ.); Dor. πολι-ά̄-οχος, - ιᾶχος, ep. πολι-ή-οχος `ruling a city, city protector'; in A. also the unexplained πολισσο- in πολισσοῦχος, πολισσο-νομέω. Very often as 2. member, e.g. ἀκρο-πολις = πόλις ἄκρη `upper town, citadel' (Od.); on this and on the other compp. Risch IF 59, 261 ff.

Derivatives: 1. expressive enlargement πτολί-εθρον n. (ep. Il.); cf. μέλαθρον, θέμεθλα, ἔδεθλον (Schwyzer 533). 2. Diminut. πολίχνη f., often as PlN (IA.) with - ίχνιον (Att.); πολίδιον (ῑ̆) n. (Str.). 3. Πολιεύς (- ηύς) m. `city guardian' (Thera before V^a, Arist., hell.; Bosshardt 60); f. Πολιάς (IA., Arg.). 4. πολίτης (ῑ; ep., Sapph., Att.), πολι-ά̄-τας, - ή-της (Dor. Aeol., Β 806, Ion.; after οἰκιά-τας, - ιή-της a.o.) m. `citizen, townsman', f. - ῖτις (S., E., Pl.); from this πολιτ-ικός `civic, political' (Hdt. 7, 103, Att.; Chantraine Études 123); - εύομαι, - εύω `to be citizen, to take part in state affairs' (Att. etc.; πολιατεύω Gortyn) with - εία, Ion. - ηίη, - ευμα (Hdt., Att.; on the meaning Wilhelm Glotta 14, 78ff., 83f., Papazoglou REGr. 72, 100ff. resp. Ruppel Phil. 82, 268ff., Engers Mnem. 54, 154ff.); also πολιτισμός `administration' (D. L.; - ισμός analog., Chantraine Form. 143). 5. Denominat. πολίζω, aor. - ίσ(σ)αι, rare a. late with ἐν-, συν- a.o., `to found (a city), to cultivate a place by founding a city' (ep. Ion., X.) with πόλ-ισμα `foundation (of a city)' (Ion. poet., Th.; Chantraine Form. 189), - ισμάτιον (hell.), - ισμός `foundation of a city' (D. H., Lyd.), - ιστής `founder of a city' (Poll. 9, 6; rejected).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [799] * pelH- `fortification' from * pelH- `pout'?

Etymology: The byform πτόλις (also Arc. Πτόλις, name of the castle in Mantinea; Thess. οἱ ττολίαρχοι w. assim.) is not convincingly explained. Hypotheses w. further details in Schwyzer 325 (w. lit.); further Kretschmer Glotta 22, 206, Deroy Ant. class. 23, 305ff., Merlingen Μνήμης χάριν 2, 57, Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 75ff., 112 n. 4 (cf. also on πτόλεμος). To be rejected the identification of πόλις from *pu̯olis with Arm. k'alak` `town' (Winter Lang. 31,8).-- Old word for `castle, refugecastle', except in Greek further only in the east attested (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 22, 107, Porzig Gliederung 173): Skt. pū́r f., acc. púr-am, Lith. pilìs f. Both the Skt. and the Lith. word show zero grade, which has also been considered possible for πόλις (Schwyzer 344); the i-stem in πόλ-ις and pil-ìs is secondary enlargement. Thee repeated proposals, to connect this very ancient word for `citadel' with the verb for `fill' ( πίμπλημι; since Pott) or for `dump' (Lith. pìlti; Fick; lastly Fraenkel Zeitschr. slav. Phil. 6, 91), has as unproven hypothesis not much interest. -- WP. 2, 51, Pok. 799, Mayrhofer and Fraenkel s. vv. w. further details a. lit.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πόλις
12 ἄρκτος

ἄρκτος

Grammatical information: f. (m.?)

Meaning: `bear' (Il.); also `Ursa maior' (Scherer Gestirnnamen 131ff.), `the north'; also a crustacean, `Arctos Ursus' = τέττιξ (Arist.; Thompson Fishes 17).

Other forms: ἄρκος m. f. (LXX). The form is early in names, Dobias-Lalou, Inscr. Cyrène, 2000, 6. Late ἄρξ (OGI 201, 15).

Compounds: Άρκτοῦρος (Hes.) with - ορος `surveyor' s. φρουρός.

Derivatives: Demin. ἀρκτύλος (Poll.), ἄρκυλλος (Sch. Opp.), ἄρκιλος (Eust.); ἀρκτῳ̃ος `id.' (Luc.; after ἑῳ̃ος from ἕως); ἄρκ(τ)ειος `belonging to a bear' (Dsc.; after αἴγειος, βόειος etc.); ἀρκτῆ (aus - έη) f. `skin of a bear' (Anaxandr.). ἄρκτιον n. plant name, `Inula candida' (Dsc.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 118). - Whether Άρκάδες (s.v.) belongs here, is uncertain s. Sommer Ahh. u. Sprw. 63f.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [864] *h₂rtḱo- `bear'

Etymology: The late form with single - κ- is confirmed by derivations; it must be just simplification (or from before the metathesis?). Old name of the bear: Skt. ŕ̥kṣa-, Av. arša-, Arm. arǰ, Lat. ursus, Celt., e.g. MIr. art. Hitt. ḫartagga- lead to the reconstruction *h₂rtḱo-. In Germanic and Balto-Slavic the name was replaced, prob. for taboo-reasons; cf. Emeneau Lang. 24, 56ff. The old etymology as `destroyer' (Skt. rákṣas-, Aw. raš- `damage) has now become untenable. On the suffix -ḱ- cf. ἀλώπηξ.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄρκτος
13 ἐλέφᾱς

ἐλέφᾱς, - αντος

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `ivory, elefant-tooth' (Il.; cf. Treu Philol. 99, 149ff.), `elefant' (Hdt.), also as the name of a disease = ἐλεφαντίασις, s. Strömberg Theophrastea 193.

Dialectal forms: Myk. e-re-pa, -to, -te \/ elephas\/ etc.

Compounds: As 1. member in both meanings, ἐλεφαντό-πους `with ivory feet' (Pl. Com.), ἐλέφᾱς - μάχος `fighting elephants' (Str.).

Derivatives: Diminut. ἐλεφαντίσκιον `young elephant' (Ael.); adj. ἐλεφάντινος `of ivory' (Alc., Att.), - ίνεος `id.' (inscr.; on the formation Chantr. Form. 203), ἐλεφάντ-ειος `belonging to an elephant' (Dsc., Opp.), - ώδης `elephant-like' (Mediz.), - ιωδής `suffering from eleph.' (medic.); subst. ἐλεφαντιστής `elephant-driver' (Arist.), also `shield from elephant-skin' (App.; example?), ἐλεφαντεύς `ivory-worker' (pap.). Denomin. ἐλεφαντ-ιάω `suffer from eleph.' (Phld., medic.) with - ίασις, also - ιασμός (EM); - όω `with ivory inlays' with - ωτός (nscr.).

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Egypt.

Etymology: Like Lat. ebur ἐλέφας is a foreigm word. The final (except the ντ-suffix) recalls like Lat. eb-ur an Egypt. āb(u), Copt. εβ(ο)υ `elephant, ivory', Skt. íbha- `elephant'; the begin recurs in Hamit. eḷu `elephant' (from where through Egypt. [p- Art.] Pers. pīl, Arab. fīl); details remain unclear. - From ἐλέφας Lat. elephās, elephantus, from there the Germanic and Romance forms. W.-Hofmann s. ebur, Lokotsch Et. Wb. d. europ. Wörter orient. Ursprungs Nr. 605, Mayrhofer Wb. s. íbhaḥ², Feist Vgl. Wb. d. got. Spr. s. ulbandus. - Wrong Kretschmer WienAkAnz. 1951: 21, 307ff.: to ἐλεφαίρομαι as "destroyer" (orig. connected with the Mammoth), s. Mayrhofer Stud. z. idg. Grundsprache 44f.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐλέφᾱς
14 κεραΐζω

κεραΐζω

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `destroy' (Il.).

Other forms: aor. κεραΐσαι (Hdt.), - ΐξαι (Nonn.), fut. inf. κεραϊξέμεν (Π 830 after Bekker for κεραϊζέμεν),

Compounds: also with ἐκ- (Call., AP),

Derivatives: κεραϊστής `destroyer' (h. Merc. 336; Zumbach Neuerungen 7), κεραϊσμός `destruction' (D. H.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [578] *ḱerh₂- `damage, intr. fall apart'

Etymology: The secondary present κεραΐζω, the basis of the group, may have replaced an older primary verb, which is retained in the nasalpresents Skt. śr̥ṇā́ti `breaks', OIr. ar-a-chrin `fall into decay'. The disyll. stem κερα- has an exact counterpart in Skt. aorist a-śarī-t (length of the ī secondary) and in the OIr. preterite do-cer `he fell' (IE. ḱerh₂-). In Greek he is still seen in ἀ-κέρα-ιος `unhurt', perhaps also in ἀ-κήρα-τος `id.' (η metr. lengthening?, cf. s. v.). An intermediate noun *κερα-Ϝός (Bechtel Lex. s. v.; cf. also Schwyzer 735) is improbable and unecessary. - Independent formations are κεραυνός; not here κήρ; s. vv.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κεραΐζω
15 ὄλλυμι

ὄλλυμι, - μαι

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to wreck, to destroy, to lose', midd. intr. `to go to waste, to be ruined, to be lost' (Il.).

Other forms: - ύω, - ύομαι (Archil.), ὀλέκω, - ομαι (Il.), aor. ὀλέσαι, ὀλέσθαι (Il.), pass. ὀλεσθῆναι (LXX), fut. ὀλέσ(σ)ω (ep.), ὀλέω (Ion.), ὀλῶ (Att.), ὀλέομαι, ὀλοῦμαι (Il.), perf. ὀλώλεκα (Att.), intr. ὄλωλα (Il.); as simplex only ep.;

Compounds: Very often w. prefix, esp. ἀπ- (in Att. prose monopol.), with ἐξαπ-, συναπ-, προσαπ- etc., also with δι-, ἐξ- a.o.

Derivatives: 1. ὄλεθρος m. `destruction, ruin, loss, death' (Il.) with ὀλέθρ-ιος `baneful' (Il.), - ιάω `to be dying' (Archig; after the verbs of disease in - ιάω, Schwyzer 732), ( ἐξ-ὀλεθρ-εύω, assim. ( ἐξ-)ὀλοθρ-εύω `to destroy' (LXX) with - ευσις, - ευμα, - εία (beside - ία; Scheller Oxytonierung 39), - ευτής; NGr. ξολοθρεύω. 2. ἀπόλε-σις f. `loss' (Hippod. ap. Stob.); as 1. member e.g. in ὀλεσ-ήνωρ `destroying men' (Thgn. [?], Nonn.; Sommer Nominalkomp. 183), ὠλεσί-καρπος `losing fruit' (κ 510 a.o.; ὠ- metr. condit.). 3. ὀλε-τήρ, - ῆρος m. `destroyer, killer' (Σ 114 a.o.; on the meaning Benveniste Noms d'agent 35 a. 43), - τειρα f. (Batr.; ἀνδρ-ολέτειρα Hes., A.), - της m. ( Epigr. Gr.; ἀνδρ-ολέτης poet. inscr.), - τις f. (AP), παιδ-ολέτωρ, - ορος m. f. `child killer' (A. in lyr.); details in Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 127 n. 1. -- On the PN Όλετᾶς (Hali- carn. etc.; Carian?) Masson Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 10, 163f.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [306] * h₃elh₁- `destroy'

Etymology: The disyll. full grade in ὄλε-θρος, ὀλέ-σαι a.o. has beside it a monosyll. zero grade in ὄλλυμι from *ὄλ-νυ-μι (from an older *h₃l̥-n-eh₁-mi \> *ολνημι); thus e. g. στορέ-σαι: στόρ-νυ-μι. Orig. disyll. also in ὀλέ-σθαι (if athematic), to which with thematic transfomation ὀλόμην etc.? On ὀλέ-κ-ω cf. ἐρύ-κ-ω a.o., on the ptc. aor. ὀλόμενος Kretschmer Glotta 27, 236 f. (against Specht KZ 63, 219 f.). Details on the morphology in Schwyzer 363, 696, 702 a. 747, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 302 f., 329 a. 391; on the vocalism also Sánchez Ruiperez Erner. 17, 107 f. -- From Greek here also ὀλοός `pernicious, fatal'; further isolated. On wrong hypotheses s. W.-Hofmann s. aboleō, dēleō and volnus; also WP. 1, 159 f. and Pok. 306 (w. lit.).

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄλλυμι
16 σκεδάννυμι

σκεδάννυμι

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to scatter, to spring, to drive apart', midd. `to disperse, to burst, to go apart, to spread' (Young Att.).

Other forms: σκίδναμαι, - νημι (mostly ep. poet. Il.), σκεδάω? (s. below), fut. σκεδάσω (Thgn.), σκεδῶ (Att.), aor. σκεδάσαι, - σθῆναι (Il.), perf. pass. ἐσκέδασμαι (IA.); also without σ- (metr. cond or metr. used; s. Debrunner IF 45, 183ff., 57, 149 w. lit., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 110) κεδάσσαι, - σθῆναι (poet. Il.), late pres. forms κεδάννυμι (AP), κεδόωνται (A. R.), ptc. κεδάων (Nic. Al. 283, better than σκεδάων), κεδαίομαι, - αίω (hell. epic).

Compounds: Also w. prefix, esp. ἀπο-, δια-, κατα-.

Derivatives: σκέδ-ασις f. `the scattering' (α 116 = υ 225, Hp. a. o.; Krarup Class. et Med. 10, 5, Porzig Satzinhalte 196), - ασμός m. (hell. a. late), ( δια-)-αστής m. `destroyer' (Ph.), ( δια-) - αστικός `scattering' (Dsc., Lyd.), - αστός `dissolvable' (Pl., Plu.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [918] * skd-n-eh₂-mi `split, strew out'

Etymology: The system σκεδάννυμι: σκίδνημι: σκεδάσαι was formed after wellknown examples like πετάννυμι, κεράννυμι a. o. (s. vv. and Schwyzer 697) from an unknown starting point (the aorist?). The other languages present nothing that could be compared directly with the Greek forms. Closest comes (after Jokl IF 30, 196) Alb. tshanj, tshaj `split, tear up, plough' from *sked-n̥-i̯ō. To this with nasal infix Av. sčandayeiti `break, destroy', to which may belong Skt. skhadate `split' (gramm.), if from IE *skh₂n̥d-; the last-mentioned forms can however also be explained from a d-enlarged nasal root * sk(h₂)en-d-. Without anlaut. s- the polyinterpretable Toch. AB kät- `strew (out)', pres. (B) katnau, katnaṃ with nā-suffix and unclear vowel (after v. Windekens Orbis 12, 464f. = Gr. κιδ-). To be mentioned still several verbal nouns, esp. with r-suffix, and verbs built to these: Arm. šert `chip, piece of wood', if from * sk(h₂)ed-ri- (anlaut uncertain), Lith. skedervà f. `splinter', Latv. skadrs `easy to split', Germ., e.g. MEngl. scateren, NEngl. scatter `scatter', MIr. scaindrim `split in two' etc., s. WP. 2, 558 f., 563f., Pok. 918f., 929f., W.-Hofmann s. scandula, Fraenkel s. kedė̃, Vasmer s. ščedryj w. further forms and rich lit. -- Cf. σχίζω. On κέδματα s. v.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκεδάννυμι
17 στατήρ

στατήρ, - ῆρος

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: des. of a weight and (usu.) of a coin, `stater' (IA.); στατῆρες as opposite of ἀποδοτῆρες `returner' (Epich. 116), after Et. Gen. = χρεῶσται, `debtor', prob. prop. "those who weigh themselves (the money)", cf. ὀβολο-στατήρ (Hdn. Gr.) = ὀβολο-στάτης `obol weigher, usurer' (Ar. a.o.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 48).

Compounds: As 2. member with themat. vowel enlargement in bahuvrihicompp., e.g. δεκα-στάτηρ-ος `concerning ten st.' (Arr.), - ον n. `sum or weight of ten st.' (Att. a. Cret. inscr.).

Derivatives: στατηρ-ίσκος (- ισμός?) des. of a tax (pap.), - ιαῖος `worth or weighing one st.' (Theopomp. Com., hell. a. late).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1004] * steh₂- `stand'

Etymology: To ἵστημι in the sense of `put on the balance, weigh off, to', so prop. "the weigher" like ἀναστα-τήρ `who drives away, destroyer' (A.) to ἀν-ίστημι. Further remarks (slightly diff.) by Benveniste Noms d'agent 50. Beside it, also with zero grade, but with ο-ablaut Lat. Stator, - ōris surn. of Jupiter (cf. Wissowa P.-W. 2: 3, 2227 f.); with full grade in intr. meaning Skt. sthā́tar- m. `driver of a car', prop. "who stands on the car". Lat. LW [loanword] statēr. -- Further s. ἵστημι.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στατήρ
18 ὀλοθρευτής

ὀλοθρευτής, οῦ, ὁ (only in Christian wr.; cp. AcPh 130 [Aa II/2, 59, 9]. On the spelling [N.²⁵ ὀλε-] s. ὀλοθρεύω) destroyer 1 Cor 10:10 (the OT speaks of ὁ ὀλεθρεύων Ex 12:23=הַמַּשְׁחִית; Wsd 18:25; cp. Hb 11:28); the one meant is the destroying angel as the one who carries out the divine sentence of punishment, or perh. Satan (MDibelius, Geisterwelt 44f).—DELG s.v. ὄλλυμι. TW.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὀλοθρευτής
19 Ἀβαδδών

Ἀβαδδών, ὁ indecl. (אֲבַדּוֹן Pr 15:11; Ps 87:12; Theod. Job 26:6; 28:22=ἀπώλεια LXX) Abaddon, name of the ruling angel in hell Rv 9:11, explained as Ἀπολλύων Destroyer (cp. אָבַד). This name for the ἄγγελος τῆς ἀβύσσου and its transl. are based on the OT passages above, in which ἀπώλεια is parallel to ᾅδης=שְׁאוֹל Job 26:6 Theod.; Pr 15:11 and to τάφος Ps 87:12. In Theod. Job 28:22 it is personified, together with θάνατος; cp. the derivation of Apollo, source of plagues, from ἀπόλλυμι.—TW.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > Ἀβαδδών
20 Σμινθεύς

Σμινθεύς, voc. Σμινθεῦ: Smintheus, epith. of Apollo, explained by ancient commentators as meaning destroyer of field-mice ( σμίνθοι). (The cut, showing a mouse at work, is reproduced from the tetradrachm of Metapontum.)

A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > Σμινθεύς

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